List of HVDC Interconnectors or projects with marine infrastructure

Project	Location Landfall	Location Converter Stations	Year of installation	Body of water	Subsea length (km)	Rating (MW)	Voltage (kV DC)	Electrode Current (A DC)	Grounding Electrodes	Electrode Material	Polar type / Operation
Europe:
Skagerrak 1&2 (SK1 &2) Norway-Denmark	Kristiansand (NO) to Tjele (DK)	Kristiansand (NO) to Tjele (DK)	1976, 1977	Skagerrak	124	500	250	250	One marine One land electrode	Graphite / coke	2 cables - Bipole later converted to monopole
Skagerrak 3 (SK3) Norway-Denmark	Kristiansand (NO) to Tjele (DK)	Kristiansand (NO) to Tjele (DK)	1993	Skagerrak	124	440	350	1000	One marine One land electrode (occasional use)	Graphite / coke	1 cable / Monopole
Skagerrak 4 (SK4) Norway-Denmark	Kristiansand (NO) to Tjele (DK)	Kristiansand (NO) to Tjele (DK)	2015	Skagerrak	137	700	500	-	None	-	1 cable operation with SK3 in bipolar mode
Gotland 1 Sweden	Vikby to Västervik (mainland)	Vikby to Västervik (mainland)	1970 to Dismantled 1986	Western Gotland Sea	96	30	150	914	Two marine electrodes	Magnetite	1 cable / Monopole (decomm.)
Gotland 2 and 3. Sweden	Stomo Isthmus (mainland) to Ygne (Gotland)	Västervik (mainland) to Ygne (Gotland)	1983, 1987	Western Gotland Sea	96	260	150	-	None	-	2 cables / Bipole
Konti-Skan 1 Sweden- Denmark	Lindome (SE) to Vestor Hassing (DK)	Lindome (SE) to Vestor Hassing (DK)	1965 to (Replaced 2006)	Kattegatt Strait	87	250	250	1050	Two marine electrodes	Graphite / coke	1 cable / Monopole
Konti-Skan 1 &2 Sweden- Denmark	Lindome (SE) to Vestor Hassing (DK)	Lindome (SE) to Vestor Hassing (DK)	1988 KS-1 upgraded in 2006	Kattegatt Strait	88	380 (KS-1) 300 (KS-2)	±285	1050	Two marine electrodes	Graphite / coke	2 cables / Bipolar mode
Baltic Cable Sweden-Germany	Trelleborg (SE) to Lübeck (DE)	Kruseberg (SE) to Herrenwyk (DE)	1994	Baltic Sea	250	600	450	1364	Two marine electrodes	Coated titanium, copper	1 cable / Monopole
Fennoskan 1 Sweden-Finland	Dannebo (SE) to Rauma (FI)	Dannebo (SE) to Rauma (FI)	1989	Gulf of Bothnia	200	500	400	1280	Two marine electrodes	Coated titanium, copper	1 cable / Monopole
Fennoskan 2 Sweden-Finland	Dannebo (SE) to Rauma (FI)	Dannebo (SE) to Rauma (FI)	2011	Gulf of Bothnia	200	800	500	1700	Two marine electrodes	Coated titanium wire mesh	2 cables / Monopole
Fennoskan 1 Replacement Sweden-Finland	Hjalta (SE) to Tuovila (FI)	Hjalta (SE) to Tuovila (FI)	2011	Gulf of Bothnia	200	800	400	-	None	-	2 cables Bipole
Kontek Denmark-Germany	Bjaeverskov (DK) to Bentwisch (DE)	Bjaeverskov (DK) to Bentwisch (DE)	1995	Baltic Sea	52	600	400	1500	Two marine electrodes	Coated titanium, copper	1 cable / Monopole
Storebaelt HVDC Link Denmark	Herslev (Zealand) to Fraugde (Funen)	Herslev (Zealand) to Fraugde (Funen)	2007	Baltic Sea	56	600	400	-	None?	-	2 cables and 1 metallic return cable Monopole
Swepol Sweden-Poland	Stärno (SE) to Slupsk (PL)	Stärno (SE) to Slupsk (PL)	2000	Baltic Sea	239	600	450	-	None	-	1 cable and 1 metal return cable Monopole
Estlink 1 Finland-Estonia	Helsinki (FI) to Tallinn (EE)	Espoo (FI) to Harku (EE)	2006	Gulf of Finland	74	350	±150	-	None	-	2 cables HVDC Light Bipole
*Estlink 2 Finland-Estonia	Tavastfjärden (FI) to Kakumäe beach(EE)	Antilla (FI) to Püssi (EE)	2019	Gulf of Finland	145	650	±450	-	None	-	1 cable 1 metallic return Monopole
Valhall Norway	Valhall platform to Lista (mainland)	Valhall platform to Lista (mainland)	2011	North Sea	292	78	150	-	None	-	2 cables HVDC Light Bipolar mode
Troll A 1 & 2 Norway	Kollsnes (mainland) to Troll A platform	Kollsnes (mainland) to Troll A platform	2005	Bunesosen (Fjord) North Sea	68	88	±60	-	None	-	2 cables HVDC Light Bipole
Troll A 3 & 4 Norway	Bunesosen (Fjord) to Troll A platform	Kollsnes (mainland) to Troll A platform	2016	North Sea	68	100	±60	-	None	-	2 cables HVDC Light Bipole
DolWin 1 Germany	DolWin Alpha platform to Hilgenriedersiel	DolWin Alpha platform to Dörpen West (mainland)	2013	German Bight	75	800	±320	-	None	-	2 cables HVDC Light Bipolar mode
DolWin 2 Germany	DolWin Beta to Hilgenriedersiel	DolWin Beta to Dörpen West (mainland)	2016	German Bight	45	916	±320	-	None	-	2 cables HVDC Light Bipolar mode
DolWin 3 Germany	DolWin Gamma Platform to Manslagt	DolWin Gamma Platform to Dörpen West (mainland)	2019	German Bight	80	900	±320	-	None	-	2 cables HVDC Light Bipolar mode
*DolWin 6 Germany	DolWin Kappa platform to Hilgenriedersiel	DolWin Kappa platform to Emden/Ost	2023	German Bight	45	900	±320	-	None	-	2 cables HVDC Light Bipolar
BorWin 1 Germany	BorWin Alpha platform to Hilgenriedersiel	BorWin Alpha to Diele	2010	German Bight	125	400	±150	-	None	-	2 cables HVDC Light Bipolar mode
BorWin 2 Germany	BorWin Beta platform to Hilgenriedersiel	Borwin Beta platform to Diele	2015	German Bight	125	800	±300	-	None	-	HVDC VSC Symmetrical monopole
*BorWin 3 Germany	BorWin Gamma platform to Manslagt	BorWin Gamma platform to Emden/East (mainland)	2019	German Bight	130	900	±320	-	None	-	HVDC with VSC converters mode
Helwin 1 Germany	HelWin Alpha platform to Büsum	HelWin Alpha platform to Büttel	2015	German Bight	85	575	±250	-	None	-	HVDC Plus Symmetrical monopole
Helwin 2 Germany	HelWin Beta platform - Büsum	HelWin Beta platform - Büttel	2015	German Bight	85	690	320	-	None	-	HVDC Plus Symmetrical monopole
SylWin 1 Germany	SylWin Alpha platform to Büsum	SylWin Alpha platform to Büttel	2015	German Bight	160	864	320	-	None	-	HVDC Plus Symmetrical monopole
SACOI 1 Italy-France-Italy	Sardinia (IT) to Corsica (FR) to, Italian mainland	Codrongianos (IT) to Lucciana (FR) to Suvereto (IT)	1967, 1986, 1992	Tyrrhenian Sea	105+16	300	±200	1000	Two marine One land electrode	Copper, Titanium, FeSiCr	2 cables / Monopole
*SACOI 3 Italy-France	Rena Bianca Beach (Sardinia) to Sciumara Cove Beach (Corsica)	Codrongianos (Sardinia) Lucciana (Corsica)	2023	Strait of Bonifacio	16	400	±200	-	None	-	2 cables Bipole
*SACOI 3 France-Italy	Volpaio beach (Corsica) to Salivoli beach, mainland (IT)	Lucciana (Corsica) Suvereto (mainland (IT)	2023	Tyrrhenian Sea	106	400	±200	-	None	-	2 cables Bipole
SAPEI Italy	Santo River mouth(Sardinia) - Nettuno (mainland)	Fiume Santo (Sardinia) to Latina (mainland)	2011	Tyrrhenian Sea	420	1000	±500	-	1 shoreline anod (2008)e 1 sea cathode (2008)	Copper cathode (2008)	2 cables Pole 1 (2008) monopole Pole 2 (2010) bipole
*Italy-Algeria HVDC Link	Cagliari Sud (IT) to El Hadjar (TN)	Cagliari Sud (IT) to El Hadjar (TN)	2020	Mediterranean Sea	330	1000	±500	-	Two marine electrodes?	Titanium copper?	1 cable Monopole
*Italy-Tunisia HVDC Link Phase I	Partanna (IT) to El Hawaria (TN)	Partanna (IT) to El Hawaria (TN)	2016	Mediterranean Sea	190	400	+400	-	Two marine electrodes	Titanium copper?	1 cable Monopole
*Italy-Tunisia HVDC Link Phase II	Partanna (IT) to El Hawaria (TN)	Partanna (IT) to El Hawaria (TN)	2018	Mediterranean Sea	190	1000	380	-	None	-	2 cables Bipolar mode
*Italy-Libya HVDC Link	Chiaramont Gulfi (IT) to Mellitah (LY)	Chiaramont Gulfi (IT) to Mellitah (LY)	2017	Mediterranean Sea	530	1000	±500	-	None	-	2 cables Bipolar mode
*Italy-Malta HVDC Link	Ragusa (IT) to Maghtab (MT)	Ragusa (IT) to Maghtab (MT)	2013	Mediterranean Sea	100	200	220	-	None	-	2 cables Bipolar mode
*Italy-Albania HVDC Link	Brindisi (IT) to Babica (AL)	Brindisi (IT) to Babica (AL)	2014	Adriatic Sea	147	500	400	-	Two marine electrodes?	-	1 cable / Monopole
*Italy-Croatia HVDC Link	Candia (IT) to Konjsko/Tivat (HR)	Candia (IT) to Konjsko/Tivat (HR)	2017	Adriatic Sea	198	800	380	-	Two marine electrodes?	-	1 cable / Monopole
*Italy-Slovenia HVDC Link	xxx to xxx	xxx to xxx	20??	Adriatic Sea	xxx	1000	300/500	-	None	-	2 cable/ VSC/LCC Bipole
Greece-Itali (GRITA) HVDC Link	Arachthos (GR)to Galatina (IT)	Arachthos (GR) to Galatina (IT)	2001	Adriatic Sea	163	500	400	1250	Two marine electrodes	Titanium, copper	1 cable / Monopole
MONITA Link Montenegro-Italy	Budva (ME) to Pescara (IT)	Kotor (ME) to Villanova (ME)	2017	Adriatic Sea	393	1000	±500	-	None	-	2 cables LCC Bipole
*Spain-Algeria HVDC Link	Tarray Cove (ES) to Terga Coast (DZ)	Carril 2 (ES) to Ain Fateh (DZ)	2020	Mediterranean Sea	240	1000	±400	-	None	-	2 cables Bipolar mode
NEMO Link UK - Belgium	Pegwell Bay (GB) to Zeebrugge West Beach(BE)	Richborough (GB) to Herdersbrug (BE)	2019	English Channel	130	1000	400	-	None	-	2 cables HVDC Plus Symmetrical monopole
Cross Channel UK - France	xxxx (UK) to xxx (FR)	xxxx (UK) to xxx (FR)	1986	English Channel	86	250	270	-	None	-	8 cables / Bipolar mode
*IFA 2 Link France - UK	Merville-Franceville beach (FR) to Monks Hill beach (GB)	La Hague (FR) to Solent Airfield (GB)	2020	English Channel	200	1000	±320	-	None	-	2 cables Bipolar
*FABLink UK - France	Budleigh Salterton (GB) to Siouville-Hague (FR)	Long Lane (GB) to Menuel (FR)	2022	English Channel	171	1400	320	-	None	-	2 cables Symmetric monopole
East-West Interconnector United Kingdom-Ireland	Shotton (GB) to Woodland (IRL)	Shotton (GB) to Woodland (IRL)	2012	Irish Sea	186	500	±200	-	None	-	2 cables / HVDC Light Bipole
Western HVDC Link United Kingdom	Ardneil Bay (SCO) to Leasowe (ENG)	Hunterston (SCO) to Flintshire Bridge (CYM)	2017	Firth of Clyde North Channel Irish Sea	385	2200	±600	-	None	-	2 MI cables Bipole
Caithness-Moray Link United Kingdom	Noss Head (Wick) to Tannachy (Portgordon)	Spittal (Caithness) to Blackhillock (Keith)	2019	Moray Firth	113	1200	±320	-	None	-	2 HVDC Light cables Bipole
*Eastern HVDC Link United Kingdom	Sandford Bay (SCO) to Seaham Grange coast (ENG)	Torness (SCO) to Hawthorn Pit (ENG)	2028	North Sea	155	2000	±500	-	None	-	2 cables Bipolar mode
*NorthConnect UK-Norway	Longhaven Bay (GB-SCO) to Simadalen (NO)	Fourfields (GB-SCO) to Simadalen (NO)	2022	North Sea	648	1400	±525	-	None	-	2 cables Bipole
NorNed Link Norway-Netherlands	Feda (NO) to Eemshaven (NL)	Feda (NO) to Eemshaven (NL)	2008	North Sea	580	700	±450	-	None	-	2 cables Symmetric Monopole
COMETA Spain	Santa Ponsa (Mallorca) to Morvedre (mainland)	Santa Ponsa (Mallorca) to Morvedre (mainland)	2011	Balearic Sea	240	400	250	-	None	-	2 cables 1 metallic return Bipole
Spain-Morocco Spain-Morocco	xx(ES) to xxx (MA)	xxx (ES) to xxx (MA)	20??	Mediterranean Sea	27	2000	±420	-	None	-	7 cables Bipole
RÓMULO Spain	Sagunto (Valencia) to Santa Ponsa (Mallorca)	Morvedre (Valencia) to Calviá (Mallorca)	2012	Balearic Sea	237	400	250	-	None	-	2 cables 1 metallic return Bipole
*NorBalt Link Sweden to Lithuania	Nybro (SE) to Klaipeda (LT)	Nybro (SE) to Klaipeda (LT)	2015	Baltic Sea	400	700	±300	-	None	-	2 cables / HVDC Light Bipolar mode
*NeuConnect UK to Germany	Isle of Grain (UK) to Fedderwarden (D)	Greystones (UK) to Conneforde (D)	2023	North Sea	700	1400	±500	-	None	-	2 cables Bipolar mode
*Shetland HVDC Link UK	Weisdale Voe to Port Gordon (mainland)	Weisdale Voe to Port Gordon (mainland)	2015	North Sea	320	600	±300	-	None	-	1-2 cables HVDC Light or VSC Bipolar mode
*Åland HVDC Link Finland	Ytterby (Åland) to Nådendal (mainland)	Ytterby (Åland) to Nådendal (mainland)	2015	xxx xxx	158	100	±80	-	None	-	2 cables / HVDC Light Bipolar mode
*NSN Interconnector UK-Norway	Cambois Beach Slipway (GB) to Hylsfjorden (NO)	East Sleekburn (Blyth) (GB) to Kvilldal (NO)	2021	North Sea	720	1400	525	-	None	-	2 HVDC Light cables Bipole
BritNed Link UK-Netherlands	Grain Beach (GB) to Maasvlaktestrand (NL)	Isle of Grain (GB) to Maasvlakte (NL)	2011	North Sea	250	1000	±450	-	None	-	2 cables/bundled Bipole
*Viking Link UK-Denmark	Sandilands (GB) to Houstrap Strand (DK)	North Ing Drove (GB)to Revsing (DK)	2023	North Sea	635	1400	400	-	None	-	2 cables Bipole
*NorGer Link Norway-Germany	Flekkefjord (NO) to Wilhelmshaven (DE)	Tonstad (NO) to Mooriem (DE)	2018	North Sea	570	1400	500	-	None	-	2 cables and 1 metal return cable Bipolar mode
*NORD.Link Norway-Germany	Vollesfjord (NO) to Diele or Büsum (DE)	Tonstad (NO) to Wilster (DE)	2020	North Sea	516	1400	±525	-	None	-	2 MI cables VSC-HVDC Bipole
*North Sea Link (NSL) Norway-UK	Hylsfjorden (NO) to Cambois Beach Slipway (GB)	Kvilldal (NO) to East Sleekburn (Blyth) (GB)	2021	North Sea	720	1400	500	-	None	-	2 cables Bipolar mode
*HVDC Norway-UK Norway-UK	Hylen (NO) to Blyth (GB)	Hylen (NO) to Blyth (GB)	2018	North Sea	711	1400	500	-	None	-	2 cables and 1 metal return cable Bipolar mode
*Channel Link UK-France	TBD (GB) to TBD (FR)	Ninfield (GB) to Paluel (FR)	20xx	English Channel	130	1400	400	-	None	-	2 cables and Bipolar mode
*ElecLink UK-France	Copt Point (Folkestone) (GB) to Sangatte beach (FR)	Sellindge (GB) to Peuplingues (FR)	2020	Channel Tunnel	37	1000	±320	-	None	-	2 cables Bipolar Symmetric monopolar
*COBRAcable Link Netherlands-Denmark	Eemshaven (NL) to Fanø (DK)	Eemshaven (NL) to Endrup (DK)	2020	German Bight	307	700	320	-	None	-	2 cables? Bipolar
Moyle Interconnector United Kingdom	Currarie Port (SCO) to Port Muck (NI)	Auchencrosh (SCO) to Ballycronan More (NI)	2001, 2016	North Channel	55	500	±250	-	None	-	2 cables Integrated return conductors(2001) 2 extra return cables (2016) Monopole
North America:
Cross Sound Cable USA	Newhaven (CT) to Shoreham, Long Is. (NY)	Halvarsson (CT) to Tomson (NY)	2003	Long Island Sound	40	330	±150	-	None	-	2 bundled cables HVDC Light Bipole
Vancouver 1, 2 Canada	Vancouver to Vancouver Is.	Vancouver to Vancouver Is.	1968, 1977	xxx xxx	33	682	±380	1800	1 marine and 1 land electrode	Graphite, Mild steel/coke	2 cables Bipolar mode
Labrador-Island Transmission Link (LIL) Canada	Forteau Point (LB) to Shoal Cove (NF)	Muskrat Falls (LB) to Soldiers Pond (NF)	2019	Strait of Belle Isle	35	900?	±350	-	None	-	3 cables? Bipole
Maritime Transmission Link Canada	Cape Ray (NF) to Battleman's Beach - Point Aconi (NS)	Bottom Brook (NF) to Woodbine (NS)	2017	Cabot Strait	170	500	±200	-	None	-	2 cables Asymmetric bipole
Trans Bay HVDC Link USA	Pittsburg (CA) to Potrero (CA)	Pittsburg (CA) to Potrero (CA)	2010	xxx xxx	83	400	±200	-	None	-	2 cables HVDC Plus Bipolar mode
Neptune Interconnector USA	Raritan River (NJ) to Jones Beach Is. (NY)	Sayreville (NJ) to Duffy Avenue(NY)	2007	Raritan Bay/ New York Bight	82	660	500	-	None	-	1 cable and 1 metallic return HVDC Plus Monopole
Asia:
Leyte-Luzon	Calarayan (Samar Is.) to Suki Beach (Luzon)	Ormoc (Leyte) to Naga (Luzon)	1997	San Bernardino Strait	21	440	350	1260	Two beach electrodes	Silicon, iron/coke	1 cable, 1 spare Bipolar mode
Jeju Island 1	Namcheonri Beach (mainland) Jeju Power Station	Haenam Jeju	1998	Jeju Strait	96	300	±180	-	Two marine electrodes	Graphite	2 cables / Bipolar mode
Jeju Island 2 South Korea	Jindo (mainland) Jeju Island	Jindo SeoJeju	2014	Jeju Strait	101	400	±250	-	None	-	3 MI cables 1 XPLE 1 metallic return Bipole
Hokkaido-Honshu 1 Japan	Furukawa (HOKK) to to Tsubanazaki Cove (HONS)	Hakodate (HOKK)to Kamikita (HONS)	1993	Tsugaru Strait	43	600	±250	2000	Two land electrodes	?	3 cables Bipole
Hokkaido-Honshu 2 Japan	Yoshioka(HOK) to Cape Tappi (HON)	Hokutu (HOK) to Imabetsu (HON)	20??	Tsugaru Strait	24 (Seikan Tunnel)	300	±250	-	None	-	1 DC XLPE cable Asymmetrical monopole
Kii-channel crossing	Demi (Shikoku) to Kobiki (Honshu)	Anan (Shikoku) to Kihoku (Honshu)	2000	Kii Strait	49	2800	±500	-	None	-	2 main cables 2 return cables Bipolar mode
*Leyte Mindanao Philippines	Ormoc to Kirahon	Ormoc to Kirahon	2003	xxx xxx	31	500	±350	?	1 marine and 1 beach electrode	Graphite coke copper	2 cables / Monopole?
*Dubai-Iran HVDC Link UAE-Iran	Jebel Ali (AE) to ? (IR)	Jebel Ali (AE) to ? (IR)	2018	Persion Gulf (Arabian Gulf)	800	1550	500	-	?	-	2 cables / Bipole??
*India-Sri Lanka HVDC Link India-Sri Lanka	Panaikulam (IN) to Thirukketiswaram (LK)	Madurai (IN) to New Anuradhapura (LK)	2022	Palk Strait	130	1000	400	-	?	-	2 cables Bipole
*Sumatra-Java HVDC Link Indonesia	Ketapang (SUM) to Banten (JAV)	Muara Enim (SUM) to XBogor (JAV)	2024	Sunda Strait	35	3000	±500	-	None	-	2 cables LCC Bipole
Australasia:
Basslink Australia	McGaurans Beach (VIC) to Four Mile Bluff (TAS)	LoyYang (VIC) to Georgetown (TAS)	2006	Bass Strait	290	600	400	-	None	-	One cable / 1 metal return Monopole
*Marinus Link Australia	TBD (Waratah Bay area) (VIC) to TBD (Burnie area) (TAS)	Hazelwood (VIC) to TBD (TAS)	2025	Bass Strait	250	1500 or 2 x 750	TBD	-	None	-	Cables config. (TBD) (Bipole)
Inter Island 1 New Zealand	Haywards to Benmore	Haywards to Benmore	1965-1991	Cook Strait	42	600	±250	1200	One marine. One land electrode	Mild steel/coke, Silicon iron/coke	2 (+1) cables / Bipolar mode
Inter Island 2 New Zealand	Haywards to Benmore	Haywards to Benmore	1993 (upgrade)	Cook Strait	42	1240	+350 -350	2400	One marine. One land electrode	Mild steel/coke, Silicon iron/coke	Hybrid scheme / Bipolar mode
Inter Island 3 New Zealand	Haywards to Benmore	Haywards to Benmore	2013 (upgrade)	Cook Strait	42	xxx	+xxx	-	None	-	Bipole

 * Proposed HVDC project with a subsea HVDC interconnector.

Abbreviations: TBD denotes To Be Determined; HVDC is High Voltage Direct Current; MI = Mass Impregnated; CSC is Current Source Converter; VSC is Voltage Source Converter: LCC is Line-commutated Converter.

 

© 2019 EnviroGulf Consulting
Table may be copied for educational and non-profit purposes and quoted as EGC. 2019. List of HVDC projects with marine infrastructure. A WWW publication at https://www.envirogulf.com/hvdc.html. EnviroGulf Consulting, Brisbane, Australia.

This webpage was last updated on 11 April 2019. Note: this webpage is currently being updated in April-May 2019.

For amendments or additions to the above table, please contact EnviroGulf Consulting.

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